AXES – STANDARDS
First axis to be identified is the Z axis. This is then followed by the X and Y axes respectively.
The major component of a NC program involves the input of co-ordinates of the tool end
point. To produce any machining profile, it is necessary to follow a proper co-ordinate system. To this
extent the axes designation was standardized by EIA (Electronics Industry Association, USA) and ISO.
Co-ordinate System:
All the machine tools make use of the Cartesian co-ordinate system for the sake of simplicity.
The guiding co-ordinate system followed for designating the axes is the familiar right hand co-ordinate
system. The main axes to be designated are the rectangular axes and the rotary axes. Typical right
handed co-ordinate system is shown in Figure.
point. To produce any machining profile, it is necessary to follow a proper co-ordinate system. To this
extent the axes designation was standardized by EIA (Electronics Industry Association, USA) and ISO.
Co-ordinate System:
All the machine tools make use of the Cartesian co-ordinate system for the sake of simplicity.
The guiding co-ordinate system followed for designating the axes is the familiar right hand co-ordinate
system. The main axes to be designated are the rectangular axes and the rotary axes. Typical right
handed co-ordinate system is shown in Figure.
Designating the Axes
First axis to be identified is the Z axis. This is then followed by the X and Y axes respectively.
Z axis and Motion
Location : The Z axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the spindle axis.
Direction : The tool moving away from the work holding surface towards the cutting tool is
designated as the positive Z direction.
X axis and Motion
The X axis is the principal motion direction in the positioning plane of the cutting tool or the
workpiece.
Location : It is perpendicular to the Z axis and should be horizontal and parallel to the workholding
surface wherever possible.
Direction : When looking from the principal spindle to the column, the positive (+) X is to the
Right. For turning machines, it is radial and parallel to the cross slide.
Y axis and Motion
It is perpendicular to both X and Z axes and the direction is identified by the right hand
Cartesian co-ordinate system.
Rotary Motions
A, B and C define the primary rotary motions.
Location : These motions are located about the axis parallel to X, Y and Z respectively. If, in
addition to the above mentioned primary rotary motions, there exist secondary rotary
motions, those should be designated as D or E regardless of whether they are parallel or
not to A, B and C.
Direction : Positive A, B and C are in the directions which advance right hand screws in the
positive X, Y and Z directions respectively. In Figure, the fingers of the right hand point
towards the positive direction of the rotary motions.
Location : The Z axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the spindle axis.
Direction : The tool moving away from the work holding surface towards the cutting tool is
designated as the positive Z direction.
X axis and Motion
The X axis is the principal motion direction in the positioning plane of the cutting tool or the
workpiece.
Location : It is perpendicular to the Z axis and should be horizontal and parallel to the workholding
surface wherever possible.
Direction : When looking from the principal spindle to the column, the positive (+) X is to the
Right. For turning machines, it is radial and parallel to the cross slide.
Y axis and Motion
It is perpendicular to both X and Z axes and the direction is identified by the right hand
Cartesian co-ordinate system.
Rotary Motions
A, B and C define the primary rotary motions.
Location : These motions are located about the axis parallel to X, Y and Z respectively. If, in
addition to the above mentioned primary rotary motions, there exist secondary rotary
motions, those should be designated as D or E regardless of whether they are parallel or
not to A, B and C.
Direction : Positive A, B and C are in the directions which advance right hand screws in the
positive X, Y and Z directions respectively. In Figure, the fingers of the right hand point
towards the positive direction of the rotary motions.
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